Acne is a skin condition characterized by the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules, pustules, and in severe cases, nodules and cysts. It primarily affects the chin, lips, and muzzle area in dogs, while cats can also develop acne lesions on their chin and lips. The exact cause is not fully understood, but it is believed to be multifactorial. Potential causes include poor grooming, overactive sebaceous glands, allergies, and plastic food bowls. Symptoms commonly include small, red bumps (papules) on the chin, lips, and muzzle, blackheads and whiteheads (comedones) that may become inflamed and pustules may form, itching and discomfort, and secondary infections and abscesses in more severe cases. Treatment involves regularly cleaning with a gentle, antiseptic solution or prescribed medicated wipes to help remove debris and bacteria from the skin, topical or oral medications, dietary changes if food allergies are suspected, and replacing plastic food bowls with stainless steel or ceramic. Prevention and management often involve maintaining good hygiene, regular cleaning of the chin and muzzle area, and identifying and addressing any underlying triggers or allergies.
Acral Lick Dermatitis (lick granuloma) is a skin condition in dogs that is characterized by repetitive licking and chewing of a specific area of skin. It most commonly affects the extremities, such as the paws, wrists, or ankles. The exact cause is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of factors, including psychological and behavioral issues, underlying skin conditions, and allergies. Dogs may develop acral lick dermatitis as a result of boredom, stress, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive tendencies. Underlying skin conditions, such as allergies, infections, or irritations, can trigger the licking behavior. Symptoms include hair loss, redness, swelling, and inflammation, thickening and scarring of the skin, open sores or ulcers, and infection. Treatment can be challenging and usually requires a multi-faceted approach. This may include behavior modification techniques, medications, environmental enrichment, allergy medication, bandaging or an Elizabethan collar to prevent licking, or laser or cryotherapy. Long-term management and preventative measures involves regular exercise, mental stimulation, and maintaining a healthy skin and coat.
Acute Moist Dermatitis (Hot Spots) is a skin condition characterized by the sudden development of inflamed, red, moist, and painful lesions on the skin. Hot spots can occur anywhere on the body but are most commonly found on the head, neck, hips, and base of the tail. The cause is often due to allergies, insect bites, parasites, or skin irritation. The initial trigger causes the affected area to become itchy or painful, leading to constant licking, chewing, and scratching of the area, which further irritates the skin. Symptoms include skin redness and inflammation, moist and oozing lesions, intense itching and discomfort, malodor from the affected area, hair loss, and crusting. Treatment involves clipping and cleaning the affected area, topical and oral medications, and an E-collar or bandaging. Preventing hot spots includes practicing good grooming and hygiene, ensuring regular flea and tick prevention, avoiding irritants or allergens, and providing adequate mental and physical stimulation for pets to prevent boredom and stress-induced licking and scratching.
Alopecia X (also known as adrenal sex steroid imbalance or adrenal hyperplasia-like syndrome) is a dermatological condition that affects certain dog breeds. It is characterized by symmetrical hair loss, primarily in the trunk and rear end areas, which often progresses to partial or complete baldness. The cause of Alopecia X is not fully understood, but it is believed to be due to an imbalance of sex hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone, as well as adrenal gland dysfunction. The condition primarily affects Nordic breeds such as Pomeranians, Chow Chows, Alaskan Malamutes, and Siberian Huskies, although it also may occur in other breeds. Diagnosis of Alopecia X involves ruling out other possible causes of hair loss, such as parasites or allergies, and conducting blood tests to assess hormone levels. Treatment for Alopecia X is challenging, as there is no definitive cure. Options may include hormone replacement therapy, melatonin supplementation, and dietary changes. Although hair regrowth may occur in some cases, it is often partial and does not fully restore the coat to its original state. Therefore, management focuses on minimizing the cosmetic impact and ensuring the overall well-being of the pet.
Atopy is a common allergic condition in dogs and cats, which is characterized by a hypersensitivity to environmental allergens such as pollen, dust mites, mold spores, and certain food ingredients. It is considered a chronic condition, with symptoms often recurring seasonally or year-round. Symptoms include itching and scratching, redness, hair loss, recurrent ear infections, and secondary skin infections. The cause is thought to involve a combination of genetic predisposition and exposure to allergens. Certain breeds, such as Labrador Retrievers, Bulldogs, and West Highland White Terriers, may be more prone to developing atopy. Environmental factors, such as changes in climate or exposure to certain substances, may trigger or worsen symptoms. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, ruling out other possible causes of itching, and intradermal skin testing or allergy blood tests. These tests can help identify specific allergens that are triggering the allergic reactions. Treatment involves a combination of approaches to manage symptoms and reduce exposure to allergens. Common treatment includes allergen avoidance or minimizing exposure, topical and oral medications, and immunotherapy to help desensitize the immune system to the allergen.
Calcinosis Cutis and Circumscripta are skin conditions characterized by the abnormal deposition of calcium in the skin. Calcinosis cutis refers to the formation of calcium deposits within the dermis layer of the skin. This can occur due to trauma, inflammation, immune-mediated diseases, or metabolic abnormalities. The calcium deposits can appear as hard nodules or plaques, and they may be painful or cause discomfort. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause if possible and managing any secondary infections or complications. Calcinosis circumscripta is a specific form of calcinosis cutis characterized by localized areas of calcification. It commonly occurs in certain dog breeds, such as Boxers and English Bulldogs. The cause is believed to be related to abnormal calcium metabolism or trauma to the affected area. These calcified nodules can cause discomfort and may rupture or become infected. It is diagnosed through physical examination, blood testing, biopsy, and imaging. Treatment may involve surgical removal of the affected tissue and addressing the underlying cause.
Cheyletiellosis (also known as walking dandruff) is a parasitic skin condition that can affect dogs. It is caused by the cheyletiella mite, which is a type of mite that burrows into the dog’s skin and feeds on dead skin cells. It is highly contagious and can be spread between dogs or from dogs to humans. It is characterized by symptoms such as excessive itching, redness, and flaky skin. The mites can be seen crawling on the surface of the skin, resembling dandruff. Treatment typically involves applying topical medication that contain insecticides to kill the mites. It is important to treat all dogs in the household, even if they are not showing symptoms. In addition to medicated treatments, thorough cleaning of the dog’s environment is also necessary to prevent reinfestation. This includes washing bedding and vacuuming the house. Prevention involves preventing exposure to infected dogs and regular grooming.
Contact Dermatitis is a condition where the skin becomes irritated and inflamed due to contact with certain substances. This can occur when the dog’s skin comes into direct contact with allergens or irritants, such as certain shampoos, cleaning products, plants, or fabrics. Symptoms include redness, itching, swelling, and a rash or hives. The affected area may also be warm to the touch and the dog may exhibit signs of discomfort or pain. Treatment involves identifying and removing the source of the irritation and providing topical or oral corticosteroids or antihistamines. Prevention is through awareness of potential irritants and allergens and minimizing the dog’s exposure to them.
Corns in Greyhounds also known as digital hyperkeratosis or canine foot pad corns, are a painful and relatively common condition that affects the pads of their feet. The underlying cause is thought to be related to mechanical stress; often due to the Greyhound’s unique foot anatomy and high-speed activities. They appear as hard, painful, and sometimes raised areas on the foot pads. Symptoms include limping, pain, and licking or chewing of the affected paw pad. A visible hard mass (the corn) is often appreciated. Diagnosis is often based on clinical signs and physical examination. Treatment involves removal of the corn(s), pain medications, and/or surgery (tendonectomy) to relieve the mechanical stress. Corns in Greyhounds can be a painful and chronic condition, but with proper management and care, affected dogs can experience relief and an improved quality of life.
Cutaneous Neoplasia refers to the development of tumors or neoplastic growths in the skin of dogs and cats. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Diagnosis involves a fine needle aspirate and biopsy to determine whether the tumor is benign or malignant. Treatment depends on the type and stage of the tumor but may include surgical removal, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments. Prognosis varies depending on the tumor type, location, and stage at diagnosis. Early detection and treatment can significantly improve outcomes. Prevention strategies include regular skin checks for unusual lumps or growths and minimizing sun exposure, especially for dogs and cats with light skin or hair.
Cysts (also known as sebaceous, epidermoid, or epidermal inclusion cysts) are common benign skin growths in dogs and cats. They form when the oil-producing glands in the skin, called sebaceous glands, become blocked or damaged. The blocked gland continues to produce oil, leading to the formation of a fluid-filled sac or cyst. They appear as round or oval-shaped bumps under the skin, which vary in size and may be single or multiple. They are usually non-painful, and the overlying skin may be normal or may have a punctum or opening. Most cysts do not require treatment and can be left alone as long as they are not causing any discomfort or affecting the pet’s quality of life. However, if a cyst becomes infected, inflamed, or is causing secondary issues such as itching or pain, medical intervention may be necessary. Treatment may involve draining the cyst and cleaning the area, or surgically removing the cyst. In some cases, a biopsy may be performed to rule out other, more serious conditions. Prevention is not always possible since they can develop spontaneously. However, keeping the skin clean and regularly grooming your pet can help prevent the development of cysts and minimize the risk of infection.
Demodecosis is a skin condition caused by an overgrowth of Demodex mites. Demodex mites are normally present in small numbers on the skin of healthy animals, but an overgrowth can lead to demodecosis. There are two main types of demodex mites that can affect dogs and cats. Demodex canis mites are specific to dogs while Demodex cati mites are specific to cats. It is more common in dogs and is often seen in young animals with underdeveloped immune systems. However, it can also occur in adult animals with weakened immune systems. Symptoms depend on the severity of the infestation. In mild cases, there may be localized hair loss and mild itching. More severe cases involve widespread hair loss, thickened and inflamed skin, sores, and secondary infections. Diagnosis includes a skin scrape or biopsy to confirm the presence of mites. Treatment usually involves oral medication that includes insecticide, anti-inflammatory, and possibly antibiotic for secondary skin infection.
Dermatomyositis is a rare autoimmune disease that affects the skin and muscles. It primarily affects young puppies between 3 to 6 months of age. It is thought to have a genetic component, in which Collies, Shetland Sheepdogs, and Australian Shepherds are predisposed. Symptoms include patchy hair loss, redness, inflammation, and scaling; muscle weakness (particularly in the facial muscles); difficulty eating and swallowing; lethargy; and difficulty walking. Diagnosis is made through physical exam, history taking, blood and genetic testing, and skin biopsies. Treatment involves a multi-modal approach including immunosuppressive drugs, topical treatments, supplements, and physical therapy. Prognosis varies depending on the severity of the disease and the response to treatment.
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the skin and mucous membranes of dogs. It is similar to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) but involves primarily the skin, rather than multiple organ systems. It is thought to have a genetic component and may be triggered or influenced by environmental factors. Certain breeds appear to be more predisposed, including Shetland Sheepdogs, Collies, German Shepherds, and Siberian Huskies. Symptoms include hallmark skin lesions (chronic, scaly, and depigmented or ulcerated skin lesions commonly affecting the nose, lips, eyes, and ears), crusting and erosions, and hair loss. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, physical exam, and biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other skin conditions. Treatment involves topical corticosteroids, oral immunosuppressants, antibiotics to treat any secondary infections, and application of sunscreen. Management of DLE is lifelong, as there is no cure for the condition. However, with proper treatment and care, the symptoms can be controlled, and dogs can live relatively normal lives.
Drug Eruption (also known as drug rash or drug allergy) refers to an adverse skin reaction that occurs as a result of exposure to a certain medication or drug. Symptoms include itching, rash, hives, blisters, and ulcers. Diagnosis can be challenging, as it requires determining whether the symptoms are caused by a specific medication. Diagnostic testing includes a physical exam, biopsy, and response to treatment. Treatment involves discontinuing the offending medication, antihistamines or topical medications to relieve itching and inflammation. Severe cases may require oral corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medications, to reduce inflammation and control the immune response.
Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex in cats is a group of skin diseases characterized by the presence of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, in the affected areas. The exact cause of this complex is unknown, but it is thought to be related to an allergic or immune-mediated response. It typically presents as raised, red or ulcerated skin lesions, most commonly on the head, neck, and limbs of the cat. These lesions can be itchy and may cause the cat to scratch or lick excessively. In some cases, oral ulcers may also be present. Diagnosis is usually based on physical examination, history, and skin biopsy. Treatment may include addressing any underlying allergies or immune system dysfunction with medications such as corticosteroids or antihistamines. In some cases, antibiotics or immune-modulating drugs may be prescribed. Overall, the prognosis is generally good, but the condition may be chronic or recurrent.
Erythema Multiforme is characterized by the development of red, raised, and often painful skin lesions in dogs. The exact cause of erythema multiforme is not completely understood, but it is thought to be an immune-mediated disorder that can be triggered by infections, medications, or other underlying diseases. Symptoms include red, target-shaped lesions that typically appear on the mucous membranes, such as the lips, mouth, or nose, but can also occur on the skin. Fever, lethargy, and loss of appetite can also occur. Treatment may involve treating any underlying infections or discontinuing any medications that may be triggering the condition. In some cases, supportive care such as pain management and anti-inflammatory medications may be needed to alleviate discomfort and inflammation. In severe cases, hospitalization and more intensive treatment may be necessary.
Feline Symmetric Alopecia refers to a condition where a cat experiences hair loss in a symmetric pattern, typically on the abdomen, thighs, or tail base. It is often linked to an underlying issue such as allergies (envrionmental, food, and/or flea), hyperthyroidism, hormonal imbalances, or psychological stress. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause. Providing environmental enrichment, such as toys, scratching posts, and perches, can help alleviate boredom and anxiety in cats, reducing the likelihood of over-grooming. Regular grooming and brushing can also help stimulate hair growth and improve the condition of the hair coat.
Flea Bite Allergy (also referred to as flea allergy dermatitis) is a common skin condition that occurs as a result of an allergic reaction to flea saliva. When a dog or cat with a flea allergy is bitten by a flea, it can cause intense itching and inflammation. Symptoms include itching, redness, swelling, sores, and hair loss, especially around the base of the tail, back, and neck. Secondary bacterial or fungal infections may also occur. Treatment involves flea control and symptomatic relief. The first step is to eliminate fleas from all pets in the home and their environment by use of topical or oral flea preventatives, premise treatment, and regular bathing and grooming. Symptomatic relief may include the use of antihistamines, corticosteroids, or other medications to reduce itching and inflammation. Secondary infections may require treatment with antibiotics or antifungal medications. Prevention is key in managing flea allergy dermatitis through administration of topical or oral flea preventives.
Follicular Dysplasia is a condition that affects the hair follicles. It is characterized by abnormal development and function of these follicles, leading to various skin and hair issues in affected dogs. Follicular dysplasia can have both genetic and environmental causes. It may be inherited in certain breeds, making them predisposed to this condition. Environmental factors such as nutrition and exposure to certain chemicals may also play a role. Examples of breeds more prone to follicular dysplasia include Siberian Huskies, Alaskan Malamutes, and Airedale Terriers. Symptoms present as patchy or generalized hair loss, dry, flaky, or inflamed skin. Diagnosis involves a thorough physical examination, history, and sometimes skin biopsies. Microscopic examination of the hair follicles can confirm the presence of abnormalities. Unfortunately, there is no cure for follicular dysplasia. Management focuses on controlling symptoms and preventing further hair loss. This may include the use of medicated shampoos, topical treatments, and dietary supplements. In breeds with a genetic predisposition, responsible breeding practices can help reduce the risk of passing it on to offspring. Avoiding known environmental triggers can also be beneficial. The prognosis varies depending on the severity of the condition and response to treatment.
Food Allergy Dermatitis can affect both dogs and cats, leading to skin and gastrointestinal issues. While the underlying mechanisms are similar in both species, there are some specific considerations for each.
–Dogs: This condition is primarily triggered by an abnormal immune response to specific dietary proteins. Common allergens include chicken, beef, dairy, wheat, soy, and eggs. Symptoms include itching, scratching, redness, inflamed skin, hair loss, and ear infections. Some dogs may also experience gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea. Diagnosis involves switching the pet’s diet to a hypoallergenic or limited-ingredient diet to observe if symptoms improve. Allergy testing and skin biopsies are also performed to rule out other conditions. Treatment consists of dietary management. Once the allergenic ingredients are identified, the diet should be modified to exclude those allergens. Medications like antihistamines and corticosteroids may be prescribed to relieve itching and inflammation. With proper dietary management and avoidance of allergenic ingredients, many dogs can experience significant improvement in their condition. However, long-term adherence to the prescribed diet is crucial to prevent relapses.
–Cats: The cause is also related to proteins in their diet. Common allergens include beef, chicken, fish, and dairy products. Food allergies can develop at any age. Symptoms include itching, skin inflammation, hair loss, and gastrointestinal issues. Cats may also develop eosinophilic granuloma complex, which includes ulcerative lesions on the lips, tongue, and oral cavity. Diagnosis in cats often involves an elimination diet, where a novel protein source or hydrolyzed protein diet is fed. Improvement in symptoms on the new diet supports the diagnosis of a food allergy. Allergy testing and skin biopsies are also performed to rule out other conditions. As with dogs, dietary management is the primary treatment for food allergies in cats. Medications like corticosteroids or antihistamines may be used to alleviate symptoms while the diet is adjusted. Prognosis is good with the right dietary modifications. Owners should be vigilant about maintaining the prescribed diet to prevent recurrence of allergic reactions.
Footpad Disorders in Dogs can range from minor irritations to more serious conditions that affect their mobility and comfort. These disorders can result from various causes, and they require careful diagnosis and management.
–Hyperkeratosis is a condition characterized by the excessive growth of keratin on the foot pads. It can be genetic or secondary to certain medical conditions. The foot pads become thickened, dry, and cracked. This can be painful and lead to lameness. Treatment involves regular moisturization with specialized paw balms or creams. In severe cases, the excess keratin may be trimmed.
–Pododermatitis is inflammation of the paws as a result of allergies, infections, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms include redness, swelling, pain, limping, licking of the paws, and ulceration. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, but often involves antibiotics for infections, allergy management, or immune-suppressing medications for autoimmune pododermatitis.
–Burns and Trauma can occur from walking on hot pavement, chemicals, or other hot surfaces. Trauma can result from sharp objects or rough terrain. Symptoms include visible burns or wounds on their paws or foot pads, along with pain and limping. Treatment involves cleaning and dressing wounds, pain management, topical or oral antibiotics, and avoiding further trauma. Preventive measures like booties can be used during extreme weather.
–Foreign Bodies like thorns, glass, or splinters can lead to injury. Symptoms include lameness, bleeding, draining tracts, swelling, and visible foreign material stuck in the foot pads. Treatment involves removal of the foreign material, wound cleaning, and topical or oral medications.
–Autoimmune diseases like pemphigus can affect the foot pads and require immunosuppressive medications for management.
Hepatocutaneous Syndrome is a rare condition that can affect dogs and, less commonly, cats. Breeds like Bedlington Terriers, West Highland White Terriers, and Doberman Pinschers seem to be more commonly affected. It is characterized by a combination of skin and liver problems. The primary clinical sign includes severe, non-healing skin lesions. These lesions can be ulcerative, crusting, and often occur on the abdomen, groin, and limbs. This syndrome is closely associated with liver disease. The cause is associated with liver dysfunction, specifically in the metabolism of copper. Additional symtpoms may include jaundice, vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves a thorough physical examination, blood tests to evaluate liver function, skin biopsies, abdominal ultrasound, and liver biopsies. Management involves addressing the underlying liver disease and the skin lesions. The prognosis depends on the severity of the liver disease and skin lesions. Early detection and intervention can improve the chances of a more favorable outcome. However, this syndrome can be progressive and difficult to treat.
Hygroma is a condition where a fluid-filled sac develops under the skin, usually on pressure points such as the elbows or hocks. It is typically caused by repeated trauma or pressure on the same area over time. The condition is most commonly seen in larger breeds with thin or bony elbows, such as Great Danes, Labrador Retrievers, and German Shepherds. The hygroma forms as a protective mechanism in response to the repeated pressure and trauma to act as a cushion between the skin and the underlying bones. However, if left untreated, the sac can become infected and cause pain, swelling, and discomfort. Treatment typically involves relieving the pressure on the affected area. This can be done by providing soft bedding or padding in the dog’s resting areas to reduce the impact on the elbows. In some cases, special orthopedic beds or elbow protectors may be needed. Draining the hygroma and cleaning the area to prevent infection; as well as, antibiotics may be prescribed if there is evidence of infection. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the sac and repair any underlying damage.
Malassezia Dermatitis is a common skin condition in dogs and, less frequently, in cats. It is caused by an overgrowth of the yeast, Malassezia pachydermatis, on the skin. This yeast is a normal inhabitant of the skin and ears in low numbers. However, under certain conditions, such as allergies or other skin problems, the yeast can multiply excessively, leading to dermatitis. Allergies (environmental and/or food) and ear structure can predispose a pet to overgrowth of the yeast. Clinical Signs include scratching, licking, chewing, “yeasty” malodor to skin or ears, and redness, greasiness, and scaling of the skin. Diagnosis is by identification of Malassezia yeast on skin or ear cytologies. Treatment includes topical and/or oral oral antifungal medications and treatment for pruritus. The prognosis is generally good. However, it may be a recurrent condition, especially in pets with underlying allergies. Preventative measures include regular grooming, especially in breeds prone to skin folds, and addressing underlying allergies or skin conditions promptly.
Nail and Claw Disorders in dogs and cats can occur as a result of various underlying causes: ingrown, overgrown, or torn nails, brittle nails caused by nutritional deficiencies or underlying health issues, bacterial or fungal, infection, autoimmune disease (such as, lupoid onychodsytrophy or pemphigus foliaceus), or cancer. Treatment and management of nail and claw disorders depends on the condition and underlying cause. Treatment may include routine nail trimming, oral medications, pain management, and surgery.
Otitis Externa is a common condition in both dogs and cats. It is characterized by inflammation of the external ear canal. Causes include underlying food or environmental allergies, ear mites, bacterial and yeast infection (often due to underlying allergies), foreign bodies, and/or anatomy of the ear canals or pinnas. Clinical signs involve ear scratching, head shaking, redness and swelling of the ear canal, discharge (which may be bloody, purulent, or waxy), and a foul odor. Diagnosis is by a thorough otic examination and ear cytologies. Treatment includes a thorough ear cleaning, topical ear medications, and oral medications for discomfort or itch. Prevention involves regular ear cleaning and maintenance, management of underlying conditions (such as allergies), and keeping your pet’s ears dry, especially after swimming or baths, to help prevent moisture-related ear infections. Untreated ear infections can lead to chronic inflammation, discomfort, and permanent damage to the ear canal and eardrum.
Panniculitis is inflammation of the subcutaneous fat layer under the skin. Causes for this condition include pancreatitis (digestive enzymes released by the inflamed pancreas can affect the surrounding fat tissues), bacterial or fungal infections, trauma, and autoimmune conditions. Clinical signs include firm, painful nodules or lumps under the skin, redness, swelling, and sometimes ulceration of the affected area. These nodules may be slow to resolve or may persist. This condition is diagnosed through examination, fine needle aspiration, and biopsy. Treatment is dependent on the underlying cause, but may include antibiotic or antifungal medication, steroids or other immunosuppressive drugs, and pain management. The prognosis for panniculitis varies depending on the underlying cause and how well it responds to treatment. Some cases may resolve with appropriate therapy, while others may be chronic or recurrent.
Papillomas (warts) are common benign growths that can affect the skin and mucous membranes. These growths are typically caused by papillomaviruses, and while they are generally harmless, they can be a concern if they become large or numerous. Diagnosis of papillomas is often based on their characteristic appearance. A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment may involve removal or they may resolve on their own. They often regress within a few weeks to months as the immune system mounts a response against the virus. If papillomas become problematic due to their size, location, or number, they can be surgically removed or treated with cryotherapy (freezing) or laser therapy. The prognosis for papillomas in dogs and cats is generally excellent.
Paraneoplastic Syndromes are a group of complex disorders that occur as a result of the presence of a tumor (neoplasm) in the body. These syndromes involve a range of abnormal clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities that are not directly caused by the tumor or its local effects. Instead, they result from the tumor’s influence on distant tissues and organ systems. Common Paraneoplastic Syndromes include Hypertrophic Osteopathy (characterized by lameness and swelling of the limbs often associated with cancer in the lungs), Hypercalcemia (secreted by some tumors to cause increased blood calcium levels resulting increased thirst and urination, weakness, and loss of appetite), Acanthosis Nigricans (dark, thickened, and often velvety skin), Hypoglycemia (low blood glucose caused by insulin-secreting tumors called insulinomas), Polycythemia (significant elevation in red blood cell counts), and cachexia (severe muscle wasting and weight loss). Diagnosis typically involves identifying the underlying tumor, which may require imaging studies (X-rays, ultrasounds), blood tests, and biopsies. Treatment involves managing the underlying tumor, which may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. Additionally, specific treatments may be necessary to address the paraneoplastic syndrome’s symptoms, such as controlling hypercalcemia or hypoglycemia. The prognosis varies depending on the type and stage of the underlying tumor, the specific syndrome, and how responsive the tumor is to treatment.
Pemphigus Complex refers to a group of autoimmune skin diseases that can affect dogs. These conditions are characterized by the production of autoantibodies that target components of the skin, leading to the development of painful and often severe skin lesions. There are three main types of pemphigus that can affect dogs: Pemphigus Vulgaris: This is the most common form that involves the production of autoantibodies that target desmoglein 3, a protein responsible for holding skin cells together. As a result, affected dogs develop blisters and erosions on their skin, mucous membranes, and paw pads. Pemphigus Foliaceus: In this type, autoantibodies target desmoglein 1, another protein involved in skin cell adhesion. This type usually presents with pustules and crusty lesions on the skin’s surface, often starting on the face and ears. Pemphigus Erythematosus: This is a milder form of pemphigus that primarily affects the nasal planum (the skin on a dog’s nose) and sometimes the lips. It doesn not typically involve oral mucous membranes. Diagnosis includes clinical signs, skin biopsies, and immunological tests. Treatment involves immunosuppressive medications, such as corticosteroids or other immune-modulating drugs, to control the autoimmune response and reduce inflammation. Additionally, supportive care, including wound management and antibiotics for secondary infections, may be necessary.
Pyoderma is a common skin condition in dogs and cats. it is caused by bacterial Infection as a result of underlying food or environmental allergies, a hormonal imbalance, systemic illness, or immune system disorders. Clinical signs include redness and inflammation of the skin, pus-filled pustules or papules, Itching, scratching, discomfort, hair loss and crusting. Diagnosis involves a thorough physical examination, skin cytology, allergy testing, and bloodwork. Treatment often includes topical or oral antibiotics, management of the itch and discomfort, and addressing the underlying cause. Most cases of pyoderma respond well to treatment, but the prognosis depends on the underlying cause and the pet’s overall health. Chronic or recurrent pyoderma may require ongoing management and monitoring.
Recurrent Flank Alopecia (cyclic flank alopecia or seasonal flank alopecia) is a dermatological condition that primarily affects dogs. It presents as symmetrical hair loss on one or both sides of the dog’s flanks. The hair loss can vary in severity, from mild thinning to complete bald patches. It typically occurs in a cyclical pattern, with hair loss during certain seasons, most commonly in the fall and winter months. Certain breeds are predisposed and include Boxers, Bulldogs, Airedales, and Schnauzers. The cause is thought to be related to changes in daylight hours or photoperiod, a disruption in the dog’s hair growth cycle due to changes in melatonin production, or hormonal imbalances. Diagnosis is made based on clinical signs and the characteristic cyclical pattern of hair loss. Skin scrapings or biopsies may be performed to rule out other potential causes. There is no specific cure, but may involve treatment with melatonin supplements, which can help regulate the dog’s natural melatonin production and, in some cases, promote hair regrowth. The prognosis is generally good, as the condition does not cause discomfort.
Sarcoptic Mange (Scabies) is a highly contagious skin disease caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite. This condition can affect dogs, cats, and humans, causing intense itching and skin irritation. It is transmitted through direct contact and fomites. These microscopic mites burrow into the skin, causing irritation and an allergic reaction. Symptoms include intense itching where the pet scratches, bites, and chews at their skin incessantly. This results in hair loss, redness, and crusting of the skin commonly on the ears, elbows, hocks, abdomen, and chest. Diagnosis is often based on clinical signs, but it can be confirmed through skin scrapings or biopsies to identify mites or their eggs. A presumptive diagnosis is made based on a positive response to treatment. Treatment involves the use of oral or topical parasiticidal medications. Anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed to alleviate itching and discomfort. All in-contact animals should be treated to prevent reinfestation. Infected animals should be isolated and their bedding thoroughly disinfected to prevent the spread of mites to other pets. With appropriate treatment, the prognosis is good.
Sebaceous Adenitis involves the destruction of sebaceous glands in the skin caused by a genetic or autoimmune disorder. Clinical signs include dry, scaly skin, and hair loss. Dogs with this condition may have a dull, rough coat, and the skin may become hyperpigmented (darkened) over time. Pruritus (itching) can occur but is generally less severe compared to other skin conditions. It can occur in any breed, but is most commonly seen in the Standard Poodle, Miniature Schnauzer, Akita, and Samoyed. Diagnosis is typically made through clinical signs, skin biopsies, and histopathological examination. Treatment involves bathing with medicated shampoos to soften and remove scales and crusts, topical and systemic antibiotics, and immunosuppressive medications may be prescribed to manage inflammation. Fatty acid supplements may be recommended to support skin and coat health. Sebaceous adenitis is a chronic condition, and there is no cure. However, it can be managed with long-term therapy.
Seborrhea is a skin disorder characterized by an overproduction of sebum, the oily substance produced by the sebaceous glands in the skin. There are 2 primary forms: 1. Seborrhea oleosa (oily seborrhea): This form is hereditary and often occurs in specific breeds, such as Cocker Spaniels, West Highland White Terriers, and Basset Hounds. Clinical signs include a greasy, foul-smelling skin and hair. Their coat may appear oily, and the skin can be inflamed or have a yellowish crust. 2. Seborrhea sicca (dry seborrhea): this results from underlying conditions like allergies, hormonal imbalances, fungal or bacterial infections, or certain medications. Symptoms include itchy, dry, flaky, and scaly skin which may appear red and irritated. Diagnosis is based on physical examination and clinical signs. Additional tests, such as skin scrapings, fungal cultures, and blood work, may be necessary to rule out underlying causes. Treatment depends on the type of seborrhea and its underlying cause. Oily Seborrhea is treated with medicated shampoos and topical treatments to help manage the excessive oiliness. These may contain ingredients like salicylic acid, sulfur, or coal tar. Dry Seborrhea is treated by addressing the underlying cause, bathing with moisturizing shampoos, and using emollient creams to alleviate dryness and flakiness. Regular bathing and grooming are essential for managing seborrhea. Dietary supplements, such as omega-3 fatty acids, may help improve skin and coat health. Seborrhea is a chronic condition that often times requires lifelong management.
Vasculitis refers to inflammation of the blood vessels and can affect both dogs and cats. Potential causes include autoimmune disease, infectious agents, drug reactions, or cancer. Clinical signs present as skin lesions that can vary in appearance from petechiae, ecchymosis, or ulcers, pain and swelling, fever, lethargy, and appetite loss. Diagnosis is through physical examination, blood tests, skin biopsies, autoimmune testing, or infectious disease testing. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity, but may include immunosuppressive medications and wound care. The prognosis depends on the underlying cause and the response to treatment.