Atlantoaxial Subluxation occurs when the articulation between the first and second cervical vertebra is unstable. This can occur in dogs and cats from birth and/or from trauma. This instability then causes compression of the associated spinal cord. Symptoms of hyperflexion of the neck may be present with trauma, neck pain, ataxia (staggering-type walk), and inability to walk on the limbs. Diagnosis is usually based on x-rays of the neck/spine. Treatment involves stabilization of the atlantoaxial joint. This is best achieved through surgery, as this provides the best success for stabilization. Nonsurgical treatment includes pain control, neck brace, and very restricted activity.
Brachial Plexus Neuropathy occurs as a result of trauma or cancer affecting the nerves or nerve roots located in the axilla (armpit) of the front limb. Symptoms include front limb lameness, paresis, or paralysis. Diagnosis is based on the neurologic exam. Limb amputation is the best treatment in most cases. Nonsurgical treatment involves supportive care, prevention of self-trauma to the limb, and medications.
Brain Neoplasia is cancer affecting the brain. There are different types of primary and secondary cancers that can cause symptoms. This condition usually occurs in a patient that is 5 years of age or older. These include progressive neurologic signs: most commonly seizures, circling, behavior change, altered consciousness, decreased appetite, and lethargy. Diagnosis is based on the neurologic exam, blood testing, chest and abdominal x-rays, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and advanced imaging (CT scan or MRI). Treatment may involve surgical removal, radiation treatment, chemotherapy, and/or medications.
Caudal Occipital Malformation is a condition in which a dog is born with the caudal occipital bone overcrowding and, commonly, compressing the spinal cord in the neck (syringohydromyelia). The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is most overrepresented, but this is a disorder of small breed dogs. Symptoms can include scratching at the shoulders and head or neck, and seizures. The signs are often intermittent and can worsen with stress or excitement. Diagnosis includes the neurologic exam and MRI. Treatment involves oral medication.
Cerebellar Abiotrophy is a suspected genetic condition in which a dog or cat is born normal at birth and then develops progressive degeneration of the cerebellum. Symptoms include progressive ataxia (staggering-type walk), wide-based stance, swaying, and intention tremors. Diagnosis is based on the neurologic exam.There are no effective treatments for this disorder.
Degenerative Myelopathy is the degeneration of the spinal cord that usually affects dogs 5 years of age and older. The cause for this condition is not known. Symptoms include progressive weakness and ataxia (staggering-type walk) of the hind limbs. Progression usually occurs over 4-6 months. Diagnosis is made by the neurologic exam, blood testing, urine testing, x-rays, and advanced imaging (CT scan or MRI). Treatment involves physical therapy, exercise, vitamin supplementation, and acupuncture. The disease eventually progresses to paraplegia.
Diskospondylitis is inflammation/infection of the intervertebral disk and adjacent end plates of the vertebra. A bacterial infection is the most common cause; however, fungal infections can also occur. Symptoms include fever, decreased appetite, weight loss, lethargy, depression, and back pain. Diagnostic testing includes blood testing and culture, urine analysis, x-ray, and MRI. Treatment involves oral antibiotics for a bacterial infection, or an antifungal medication for a fungal infection.
Epilepsy is a syndrome that occurs with chronic recurrent seizures with no identifiable cause. Young dogs 1 to 5 years of age are most commonly affected. Seizures occur intermittently or in clusters. Diagnostic testing includes the physical exam, blood testing, and advanced imaging (CT scan or MRI). Treatment is aimed at controlling seizures with medication.
Facial Paralysis can occur without a known underlying cause, as a result of trauma, or with hormone imbalance. This can be temporary or permanent. Symptoms include drooling from one side of the mouth, inability to blink, and an ear droop. Diagnostic testing includes neurologic and ophthalmic exams, blood testing, thyroid testing, eye testing, and/or MRI. Treatment involves lubricating the eye to prevent corneal irritation from dryness.
Fibrocartilaginous Embolism is a non-progressive, non-painful disease that occurs as a result of an infarction of an area of the spinal cord. It causes neurologic deficits related to the location of the embolism. Diagnostic testing includes blood testing, x-rays, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and MRI. Treatment includes supportive care, physical therapy, and rehabilitation.
Granulomatous Meningoencephalomyelitis is a non-infectious inflammation of the central nervous system that involves the brain and/or spinal cord. The cause for this disorder is unknown. Symptoms include seizures, neck pain, abnormal mentation, and fever. Diagnostic testing includes a neurologic exam, CT scan (or MRI), and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Treatment includes steroids, anticonvulsants, or radiation therapy (if focal).
Horner’s Syndrome results from damage or disruption to the nerves that control certain muscles of the face and eyes. Clinical signs include: 1. Miosis (constriction of the pupil) in the affected eye. 2. Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) in the affected eye. 3. Enophthalmos (recession of the eyeball into the eye socket). Potential underlying causes include trauma to the head or neck, nerve damage, certain infections, tumors, or idiopathic (unknown) causes. Diagnosis involves a thorough physical examination and possibly additional diagnostic tests such as imaging or bloodwork to identify the underlying cause. Treatment includes addressing the underlying cause and supportive care. The prognosis varies depending on the underlying cause and the extent of nerve damage. In some cases, the condition may resolve on its own over time. However, in other cases, the symptoms may persist or worsen.
Hydrocephalus is more commonly seen in certain small dog breeds such as Chihuahuas, Yorkshire Terriers, and Maltese. It is less frequently diagnosed in cats. It refers to an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain. This can occur due to either an overproduction of CSF, obstruction of its flow, or an inability to properly absorb it. The excess fluid causes increased pressure within the skull, which can lead to a variety of neurological symptoms. It is classified as congenital or acquired. Congenital is present at birth and is often associated with structural abnormalities in the brain. Acquired can develop later in life due to conditions such as infections, tumors, or trauma. Common clinical signs include: 1. An abnormal dome-shaped or bulging skull. 2. An enlarged or “watermelon” head appearance. 3. Behavioral changes, such as lethargy, disorientation, or depression. 4. Seizures. 5. Balance and coordination problems, including a head tilt and difficulty walking. 6. Blindness or visual abnormalities. Diagnosis involves a physical exam, clinical signs, and advanced imaging such as ultrasound, MRI, or CT scans. Treatment is dependant on the severity of the condition and the underlying cause. Medications may be prescribed to reduce fluid production or to manage seizures. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary, which includes the placement of a shunt to divert excess fluid from the brain to another part of the body where it can be absorbed and eliminated. The prognosis varies depending on the severity of the condition.
Tremors can have various causes and can present as uncontrollable shaking or trembling of the body, limbs, or head. Potential underlying causes include: 1. Essential tremor: This is a hereditary condition and is often seen in certain breeds, such as Doberman Pinschers. 2. Idiopathic or primary tremor: This refers to tremors with an unknown cause. 3. Neurological disorders: such as cerebellar disorders, seizure disorders, or degenerative diseases.4. Metabolic disorders: hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), liver disease, or kidney disease can cause tremors in dogs. 5. Toxicity: Exposure to certain toxins or medications. 6. Pain or anxiety. Diagnosis involves performing a thorough physical exam, bloodwork, x-rays, and may include advanced imaging such as ultrasound, MRI, or CT scans. Treatment and prognosis are dependant on the underlying cause.
Intervertebral Disk Disease (IVDD) affects the spinal disks, which are cushion-like structures between the vertebrae of the spine. IVDD is most commonly seen in certain dog breeds, including Dachshunds, Beagles, Corgis, and French Bulldogs, but can occur in any breed. IVDD occurs when the disks between the vertebrae degenerate or become herniated, leading to compression or damage to the spinal cord. This can cause a range of symptoms, including back pain, difficulty walking or standing, wobbling or weakness in the limbs, limping, and in severe cases, paralysis. There are two major types of IVDD: Type I IVDD: This is typically seen in young, chondrodystrophic breeds (breeds with short legs and long bodies) and is often characterized by a sudden onset of symptoms. Type II IVDD: This is commonly seen in older dogs and is a more gradual degeneration of the disks over time. It tends to affect multiple disks and can cause chronic pain and mobility issues. Diagnosis involves a physical exam, neurological assessment, and diagnostic imaging such as X-rays or MRI. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of symptoms. Conservative management includes strict rest, pain management, and physical therapy. More severe cases or cases with progressive symptoms may require surgery. Surgery includes removing the damaged disk material or stabilizing the affected area. Long-term management includes weight management, exercise restriction, physical therapy, and medications to manage pain and inflammation. Prognosis is dependant on the severity and duration of the symptoms.
Lumbosacral Stenosis (cauda equina syndrome or LS disease) is a condition that affects the lumbosacral region of the spine in dogs. It is characterized by compression or narrowing of the spinal canal in the lower back, specifically the area where the last lumbar vertebrae and the first sacral vertebrae meet. It occurs due to various factors, including degenerative changes, arthritis, intervertebral disk disease, trauma, or abnormal conformation of the lumbosacral junction. The compression of the spinal nerves can lead to pain, weakness, and neurological abnormalities in the hind limbs. Common signs may include: 1. Lower back pain. 2. Hind limb weakness: difficulty walking, a wobbly gait, or stumble or drag their hind limbs. 3. Urinary or fecal incontinence. Diagnosis is based on physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic imaging such as X-rays or advanced imaging (CT scans or MRI). Treatment may involve medical management or surgical intervention. Medical management includes pain medication, anti-inflammatory drugs, muscle relaxants, and physical therapy to manage pain and improve mobility. The prognosis varies depending on the extent of spinal compression and the individual response to treatment. Prognosis is dependant on the severity and duration of symptoms: However, in some cases, the condition may be chronic or recurrent, requiring ongoing management.
Masticatory Muscle Myositis (MMM) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease that affects the muscles responsible for chewing in dogs. It is characterized by inflammation and atrophy of the masticatory muscles, leading to pain, difficulty opening the mouth, and muscle wastage. MMM is most commonly seen in certain breeds, including the Doberman Pinscher, German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, and Labrador Retriever. The exact cause is not fully understood, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, where the dog’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own muscles. Symptoms may include: 1. Reluctance or inability to open the mouth fully. 2. Pain or discomfort while eating or yawning. 3. Loss of appetite or weight loss. 4. Swelling or thickening of the muscles around the jaw. 5. Fever or general malaise. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, physical examination findings, blood tests, and muscle biopsy. Blood tests may reveal elevated levels of certain antibodies associated with MMM. Treatment of MMM includes immunosuppressive therapy to reduce inflammation and suppress the abnormal immune response, pain medication, and supportive care. The prognosis varies depending on the severity of the disease, the response to treatment, and the presence of any complications. MMM can be a chronic condition that requires ongoing management and monitoring.
Muscular Dystrophy in dogs is a genetic disorder that leads to progressive muscle weakening and wasting. It’s caused by a lack of dystrophin, a protein essential for muscle integrity. Diagnosis involves a thorough physical exam, genetic testing, and muscle biopsies. Unfortunately, there’s no cure, but supportive care and physical therapy can improve quality of life.
Myasthenia Gravis in dogs is an autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction. Clinical signs include muscle weakness, particularly in the facial muscles and limbs, difficulty swallowing, drooling, voice changes, regurgitation, and fatigue. These signs can worsen with exercise. Diagnosis involves blood tests and/or electromyography. Treatment include medications that enhance neuromuscular transmission, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors like pyridostigmine. Immunosuppressive drugs like corticosteroids or other immunosuppressants may be used to control the autoimmune response.
Necrotizing Encephalitis is a rare inflammatory brain disease in dogs and occasionally seen in cats. It leads to progressive neurological signs like seizures, behavioral changes, and ataxia. Diagnosis involves MRI and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Treatment includes immunosuppressive drugs and supportive care. Prognosis varies and is often guarded due to the disease’s severity and complexity.
Nerve Sheath Tumors are cancers arising from Schwann cells of the nerve. They can be benign (schwannomas) or malignant (malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors). Clinical signs vary depending on the tumor’s location (which nerve affected). Diagnosis involves a thorough physical exam, fine needle aspiration, imaging, and biopsy for histopathology. Treatment includes surgical removal if feasible. Prognosis depends on tumor type, location, and extent of spread.
Polymyositis, Autoimmune is an inflammatory muscle disease which leads to muscle weakness, pain, and difficulty in movement. Clinical signs include muscle atrophy, exercise intolerance, and stiff gait. Diagnosis involves physical exam, blood testing, muscle biopsies, and electromyography. Treatment includes immunosuppressive medications and supportive care. Prognosis can vary based on several factors, including the severity of the disease, the response to treatment, and the presence of other underlying conditions.
Rabies Virus Infection is a deadly viral disease affecting the central nervous system in mammals. Clinical signs often include behavioral changes, aggression, paralysis, and difficulty swallowing. Rabies is transmitted through the bite of an infected animal. Diagnosis involves brain tissue examination after death. Prevention is key through vaccination. Once clinical signs appear, there is no treatment, and rabies is fatal. Rabies is a significant public health concern due to its zoonotic potential (transmission to humans).
Spinal Cord Trauma can result from accidents, falls, penetrating injury, or other traumatic events. Clinical signs depend on the location and severity of the injury and may include paralysis, loss of sensation, and urinary or fecal incontinence. Diagnosis involves physical and neurologic exams, x-rays, and/or advanced imaging. Treatment varies but may include supportive care, pain management, surgery, and physical therapy. Prognosis depends on the extent and type of injury and success of interventions.
Steroid Responsive Meningitis-arteritis, is an inflammatory condition affecting the meninges and blood vessels in dogs. Clinical signs include fever, neck pain, stiffness, and reluctance to move. Diagnosis involves physical and neurologic exams, blood testing, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, advanced imaging, and ruling out other causes. Treatment includes corticosteroids. Long-term management and monitoring are important to prevent relapses and manage potential side effects of medication.
Tetanus is a rare but serious bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. It affects the nervous system and leads to muscle stiffness and spasms. Clinical signs include rigid muscles, sensitivity to touch, difficulty swallowing, and fever. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and a history of wounds. Treatment involves wound cleaning, antibiotics, and supportive care. Prognosis depends on the severity of symptoms and how quickly treatment is initiated.
Tick Paralysis in dogs is caused by the female tick producing neurotoxins that affect the nervous system. It is most commonly caused by Dermacentor variabilis, also known as the American dog tick or wood tick. Other tick species, such as Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick) and Ixodes (black-legged ticks), have also been associated in different regions. Paralysis results from toxins injected into the bloodstream while the tick feeds. Clinical signs include weakness, loss of coordination, paralysis, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis is based on finding and removing the tick and observing the improvement of symptoms. Prompt removal of the tick often leads to rapid recovery. Preventative measures, such as regular tick checks and tick control products, are important for prevention.
Trigeminal Neuritis is a condition affecting the trigeminal nerve, which controls sensation in the face and motor functions like chewing. The exact cause of trigeminal neuritis in dogs is unclear. It is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the trigeminal nerve. Viral infections or a genetic predisposition may also be involved. Clinical signs include a sudden onset of facial paralysis, drooping of the lip and ear, and inability to close the eye on the affected side. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes and performing physical and neurological exams. Treatment includes eye lubrication and supportive care. It typically spontaneously resolves with improvement over several weeks to months; however, some residual signs may persist.
Vestibular Disease in dogs and cats refers to disorders affecting the vestibular system, responsible for balance and spatial orientation. Clinical signs include head tilt, unsteady gait, circling, nystagmus (involuntary eye movement), and vomiting (from vertigo). Causes can be peripheral (inner ear issues) or central (brainstem abnormalities). 1) Peripheral: idiopathic: Often seen in older dogs with unknown cause; middle or inner ear infection; trauma; inner ear tumors; or vestibular neuritis (inflammation of the vestibular nerve). 2) Central: brainstem lesion, stroke, inflammatory or infectious disease, or toxicity. Diagnosis involves thorough physical and neurological exams, bloodwork, and/or imaging (MRI or CT) to differentiate between peripheral and central causes. Treatment varies based on the underlying issue and may include addressing the primary cause, medications for symptomatic relief, and supportive care. Prognosis depends on the cause, with some cases being reversible and others requiring ongoing management.
Vascular Encephalopathy refers to brain dysfunction caused by impaired blood flow to the brain, often due to reduced blood supply or small blood vessel disease. Causes can include hypertension, thromboembolic events, and underlying vascular diseases. Clinical signs include disorientation, seizures, changes in behavior, and balance problems. Diagnosis involves a thorough physical exam, neurologic exam, bloodwork, x-rays, and advanced imaging. Treatment includes managing the underlying vascular issues, medications, and supportive care. Prognosis varies based on the severity and cause of the condition.